Indus Valley Civilization – The Forgotten Ancient World

Origins of the Indus Valley Civilization

The civilization began around 3300 BCE and reached its peak between 2600–1900 BCE. It was one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, developing independently alongside Egypt and Mesopotamia.

Major Cities

The Indus Valley was known for its well-planned cities, including:

• Harappa

• Mohenjo-daro

• Dholavira

• Lothal

These cities followed a grid pattern with advanced urban planning.

Urban Planning and Architecture

Indus Valley cities were highly organized and advanced for their time:

• straight streets laid out in grids

• baked brick houses

• public baths and granaries

• sophisticated drainage and sewage systems

The Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro is one of the most famous structures.

Government and Society

Although no clear evidence of kings has been found, the civilization appears to have been well-organized and stable. Society was likely managed by city administrators, merchants, and religious leaders rather than powerful monarchs.

Religion and Beliefs

The exact religious beliefs of the Indus people remain unclear due to the undeciphered script. However, archaeological evidence suggests:

• worship of fertility symbols

• reverence for animals like bulls

• early forms of ritual bathing

Some beliefs may have influenced later Indian religions.

Writing and Seals

The Indus people developed a unique script, still undeciphered today. It appears on seals used for trade and identification. These seals often feature animals and symbolic designs.

Economy and Trade

The Indus Valley economy was based on:

• agriculture (wheat, barley, cotton)

• craftsmanship (pottery, jewelry, seals)

• long-distance trade with Mesopotamia

Standardized weights and measures show a strong trade system.

Science and Technology

The civilization made important advancements, including:

• early use of cotton textiles

• accurate measurement systems

• advanced metallurgy using copper and bronze

Their engineering skills were among the best in the ancient world.

Daily Life

People lived in well-built homes and followed an orderly lifestyle. Most were farmers, traders, or craftsmen. The lack of weapons and fortifications suggests a relatively peaceful society.

Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization

Around 1900 BCE, the civilization began to decline. Possible causes include:

• climate change

• drying of rivers

• floods or earthquakes

• economic decline

There is little evidence of large-scale warfare or invasion.

Legacy of the Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization left behind:

• advanced city planning

• sanitation systems

• trade networks

• early cultural foundations of South Asia

It remains one of the most mysterious and impressive civilizations in history.